Bibliographic record
Abstract
The possibility that the group 12 elements Zn, Cd, and Hg can exist in an oxidation state of +III or higher has fascinated chemists for decades. It took nearly 20 years before experiments could confirm the theoretical prediction that Hg indeed can exist in the +IV oxidation state. While this unusual property of Hg is attributed to relativistic effects, Zn, which is much less massive than Hg, has not been expected to have an oxidation state higher than +II. Using density functional theory, we have shown that an oxidation state of +III for Zn can be realized by choosing specific ligands with large electron affinities. We demonstrate this by a systematic study of the interaction of Zn with the ligands F, BO(2), and AuF(6), whose electron affinities are progressively higher (3.4, 4.5, and 8.4 eV, respectively). The discovery of higher oxidation states of elements can help in the formulation of new reactions and hence in the development of new chemistry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".