Interaction of Saturated Granular Soils with Pile Foundation: A Micro-Mechanical Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Saturated granular soils exhibit complex response mechanisms in the presence of subsurface structural elements such as pile foundation. Some of these mechanisms are heavily dependent on the particulate discrete nature of these soils and are still not fully understood. A coupled continuum-discrete model is used in this study to analyze the response and interaction of saturated granular soils with a pile foundation. A Lagrangian discrete element method (DEM) formulation is used to model the soil solid phase as an assemblage of particles. The fluid phase is idealized using an Eulerian formulation based on averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The Bernoulli beam theory and finite element (FEM) technique are employed to model the pile structural elements. The responses of soil fluid and solid phases and the pile structural elements are fully coupled. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the dynamic response and interaction of a sloping deposit of a saturated granular soil with a pile foundation during liquefaction and lateral spreading. The conducted simulations provided valuable information on a number of salient response mechanisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".