STXM Study of the Ionomer Distribution in the PEM Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A method of imaging ionomer in the catalyst layer (CL) of the catalyst coated membrane (CCM) in the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell was developed using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Component maps for ionomer in CL relative to the catalyst/carbon-support were obtained from STXM images at a few specifically pre-defined energies in the C 1s (on/off a peak characteristic for carbon support in the catalyst layer) and F 1s edges (on/off a peak characteristic for the fluorine in the ionomer). Comparing the different approaches, an optimized strategy to study the spatial distributions of chemical components in the catalyst layer was determined. C 1s multi-energy imaging was most informative for mapping all components of the carbon catalyst support. The F 1s maps offer a rapid and powerful way for visualization of ionomer in the catalyst layer.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it