Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide-Mediated Modulation of Hepatocellular Lipid Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress Responses in Atlantic Salmon Hepatocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) on cellular functions and lipid homeostasis (including β-oxidation) in salmon primary hepatocytes. Salmon hepatocytes were exposed to PFOSA at 0 (control), 2, 20, and 50 μM for 12 and 24 h. Fatty acids (FAs) and lipids were determined by GC-MS; FA elongase (FAE), Δ5-desaturase (FAD5), Δ6-desaturase (FAD6), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), acyl coenzyme A (ACOX-1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA were analyzed using qPCR. GST activity was analyzed by biochemical assays using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate. Our data showed that PFOSA produced significant changes in FA composition that predominantly involved a decrease (at 12 h) and an increase (at 24 h) in FA methyl esters (FAMEs), MUFA, total PUFA, and (n-3 and n-6) PUFA. Particularly, an increase of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA; 20:5n-3], and arachidonic acid [ARA: 20:4n-6] with associated increase in FAE, FAD5, and FAD6 mRNA were observed after PFOSA exposure, while cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid (22:2) was significantly decreased. PFOSA produced apparent concentration-dependent increase of PPARα and PPARγ. CAT, GPx, and GST mRNA show that PFOSA produced concentration- and time-specific increase of CAT and GST, but no changes in GST activity were observed. In general, these responses indicate that PFOSA evokes deleterious effects on cellular lipid homeostasis and transcriptional responses that regulate cellular oxidative homeostasis in salmon hepatocytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".