Effects of Tetramethyl- and Tetraethylammonium Chloride on H<sub>2</sub>O: Calorimetric and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Study
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) on H(2)O was investigated by the 1-propanol (1P) probing thermodynamic methodology developed by us earlier. It was found that TEAC is an amphiphile with a small hydrophobic and a dominant hydrophilic contribution. An earlier application of the same 1P-probing methodology to tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) indicated that the latter is as hydrophilic as urea without any hydrophobic contribution. The hydrophilic effect of TEAC was found to be about twice stronger than that of TMAC. To investigate further these surprising findings, we applied a new analysis method using the concept of the excess partial molar absorptivity of the solute on the ν(2) + ν(3) combination band of H(2)O in the near-infrared (NIR) range of their aqueous solutions. The results confirmed that both salts are indeed strongly hydrophilic toward H(2)O which manifests itself in the 5123 cm(-1) chromophore of the NIR band of H(2)O. Furthermore, we suggest from the behavior of the 5263 cm(-1) band that both solutes might form small aggregates in the H(2)O-rich region of the respective aqueous solutions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it