Liquid Intake of Organic Shales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organic shales are exposed to treatment fluids during and after hydraulic fracturing operations. The fluid–shale interaction influences the petrophysical alteration of the fractured shale and the fate of the fracturing fluid. We systematically measured the spontaneous water and oil intake of five shale samples collected from the cores of two wells drilled in the Horn River basin. The samples represent three shale formations with different mineralogy and petrophysical properties. We characterize the samples by measuring the porosity, conducting X-ray diffraction, and interpreting the well logging data and scanning electron microscopy images. The water intake is higher than the oil intake for all samples. The excess water intake and the physical alteration degree correlate with the shale mineralogy and petrophysical properties. The ratio between the water and oil intake is much higher than the ratio between the water and oil capillary pressures, even for the non-swelling shales. The comparative study indicates that the water intake of organic shales is controlled by both adsorption and capillarity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".