Heterogeneity of Asphaltene Deposits on Gold Surfaces in Organic Phase Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the heterogeneity of asphaltenes adsorbed on gold for pentane-to-oil ratios (S/O) ranging from 0 to 0.5. Both adsorption of asphaltenes and AFM measurements were conducted in the same solvent mixture of toluene and pentane. The averaged approach and retraction heights of the deposited asphaltene material increased from 2 nm on washed surfaces to 8 nm for S/O = 0.43. The average adhesion forces during retraction of the AFM tip were greater than zero for S/O > 0.2. Repetition of the approach and retraction measurements at different locations on gold substrates showed that the deposited asphaltene aggregates are heterogeneous in height and elasticity. The extent of the heterogeneity is more evident at the onset of asphaltene precipitation (S/O = 0.43).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".