Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper attempts to determine whether changes have occurred in Canadians' preference for housing. To this end, it has been proposed to test the thesis that Canadians' taste for housing, as represented by the portion of income devoted to it, is in decline. Most of the literature on the subject deals with the housing expenditure-income relationship as it applies to the United States; much of this in turn describes the relationship in terms of elasticities. Although data with respect to the Canadian situation is largely restricted to one segment of the new housing .market, it has been deemed proper to begin to describe the Canadian housing-income relationship. Data concerning buyers of individually financed dwellings for owner occupancy under the National Housing Act were used to make intertemporal comparisons during the postwar period of several financial variables. The comparisons of variables were modified by means of a comparison of the incomes of families borrowing under the NHA and other non-farm Canadian families in similar circumstances in terms of size of family, age of head of family, tenure, and size of town of residence. The results of the analysis indicate that for NHA buyers, the ratio of house price to income has declined in value. A similar trend is evident from Statistics Canada data for all Canadian families. For NHA buyers the decline in the ratio of house price to income has been the result of a continuous decline in the percentage of income paid down on the dwelling and a recent decline in the ratio of mortgage amount to income. The decline in the ratio of mortgage amount to income is seen as an adjustment to higher interest rates, but the steady decline in the initial commitment is seen as evidence of a decline in preference for housing.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".