Measurement of Small-Strain Shear Moduli of Partially Saturated Sand During Infiltration in a Geotechnical Centrifuge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper describes the use of bender elements to measure changes in small strain shear modulus, Gmax, of sand layers due to the change in degree of saturation during centrifuge tests. The goal of the measurements is to verify that steady-state infiltration is an appropriate technique to control the effective stress in centrifuge physical modeling of partially saturated sands. Specifically, the suitability of infiltration is assessed by checking if the measured values of Gmax of partially saturated sand layers follow a similar trend to dry and saturated sand layers when the effective stress is defined from the suction and degree of saturation profiles during steady-state infiltration. Three pairs of bender elements were installed at different depths in a container of Ottawa sand, and the shear wave velocities of the sand were measured during steady-state infiltration into the sand layer. The applied infiltration rate was varied to obtain different uniform distributions of degrees of saturation with depth. Consistent with results from suction-controlled resonant column tests performed on the same sand, the values of Gmax measured from the bender element tests varied nonlinearly with degree of saturation with a peak value at a degree of saturation between 0.3 and 0.4. When interpreted in terms of mean effective stress, the values of Gmax from the bender element tests on partially saturated sands followed a unique trend consistent with measurements for dry and saturated sands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".