The regulation of direct foreign investment under the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The regulation of foreign direct investment continues to feature prominently in the economic policies of most countries, both developed and developing ones. The emphasis on the role of foreign direct investment in the economic development of developing countries raises the question as to ways in which foreign investment in such countries may be encouraged. To this end, one may ask whether they can learn anything from the treatment of foreign investment by developed countries. Such an enquiry becomes pertinent in the light of differences in the traditional attitudes of developing and developed states towards foreign investment control, especially on issues of trade related investment measures (TRIMs) and expropriation. This is the focus of this paper. It is argued that judging from the trend regarding the treatment of these issues under the Free Trade Agreement and its successor - the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the provisions of bilateral investment treaties, and the limited extent of Canadian and American programs designed to encourage foreign direct investment in developing countries, a modification in the traditional attitudes of developing countries on such issues appears not only to be necessary, but expedient.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".