A Novel Centrifugal Method for Wettability Characterization of Granulates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The minimum force needed for transporting glass microspheres across oil/water (O/W) interfaces was determined experimentally. From this data, the O/W contact angle was calculated with a mathematical model. First, the measured minimum centrifugal force was combined with a simplified model leading to an approximate contact angle. Then the results were refined by a numerical solution of the accurate mathematical model of particle transport through an oil/water interface. The contact angles calculated by the suggested approach were compared with the contact angles measured by goniometry on flat glass surfaces in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, and Igepal CO-520 surfactants. The discrepancies were interpreted with the different surface chemistries/morphologies of glass microspheres and slides. The results show potential for this being a rapid screening method for chemical additives aimed at altering the wettability. This approach could be utilized in the oil and gas industry and especially to support enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".