Some Anthocyanins Could Be Efficiently Absorbed across the Gastrointestinal Mucosa: Extensive Presystemic Metabolism Reduces Apparent Bioavailability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence supporting the health effects of anthocyanins, their plasma concentrations were found to be very low. However, 30 and 56% of cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) and pelargonidin 3-glucoside (Pg-3-glc) were found as protocatechuic acid (PCA) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively, in plasma following oral administration in humans. Second, 12.4% of (13)C was recovered from urine and breath following oral ingestion of [(13)C]-Cy-3-glc in humans. The actual percentage of [(13)C]-Cy-3-glc absorbed across the gastrointestinal wall could be higher because of the involvement of enterohepatic recycling in the disposition of anthocyanins. In animal studies, high total urinary recoveries were found following oral ingestion of (14)C-labeled anthocyanins. Third, anthocyanins seem to be efficiently absorbed following in situ gastric and intestinal perfusions in rats. Therefore, some anthocyanins could be efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal lumen, undergo extensive first-pass metabolism, and enter the systemic circulation as metabolites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".