Some Anthocyanins Could Be Efficiently Absorbed across the Gastrointestinal Mucosa: Extensive Presystemic Metabolism Reduces Apparent Bioavailability
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence supporting the health effects of anthocyanins, their plasma concentrations were found to be very low. However, 30 and 56% of cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) and pelargonidin 3-glucoside (Pg-3-glc) were found as protocatechuic acid (PCA) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively, in plasma following oral administration in humans. Second, 12.4% of (13)C was recovered from urine and breath following oral ingestion of [(13)C]-Cy-3-glc in humans. The actual percentage of [(13)C]-Cy-3-glc absorbed across the gastrointestinal wall could be higher because of the involvement of enterohepatic recycling in the disposition of anthocyanins. In animal studies, high total urinary recoveries were found following oral ingestion of (14)C-labeled anthocyanins. Third, anthocyanins seem to be efficiently absorbed following in situ gastric and intestinal perfusions in rats. Therefore, some anthocyanins could be efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal lumen, undergo extensive first-pass metabolism, and enter the systemic circulation as metabolites.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it