Metformin Reduces Left Ventricular Eccentric Re-modeling In Experimental volume Overload in the Rat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is often associated with a change in myocardial energy substrate preference \nfrom fatty acids to glucose. A possible anti hypertrophic treatment strategy could aim at stimulating or restoring \nnormal myocardial energy metabolism. Metformin, an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) \nactivator used in the management of glucose metabolism in diabetes, is also a fatty acid oxidation stimulator. The \neffect of metformin on the development of eccentric LVH and ventricular function in chronic left ventricular (LV) \nvolume overload (VO) is unknown. This study was designed to study this question in a VO rat model caused by \nsevere aortic valve regurgitation (AR). Male Wistar rats were divided in four groups (13-15 animals / group): Shams \n(S) treated or not (C) with metformin (M; 100 mg/kg/d PO) and severe ARreceiving or not metformin. Treatment was \nstarted one week before surgery and the animals were sacrificed 9 weeks later. As expected AR rats developed \nsevere eccentric LVH during the course of the protocol. Metformin treatment did not influence the total heart weight. \nHowever, LV remodeling associated with the severe VO was severe in ARM than in ARC. Fractional shortening, a \nmarker of systolic function, was significantly higher in ARM compared to ARC group. Metformin also increased the \nactivity of enzymes associated with fatty acid oxidation while inhibiting phosphofructokinase, a glycolytic enzyme. A \n2 month treatment with metformin reduced LV eccentric remodeling associated with severe VO and helped maintain \na better systolic function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".