Red shiners (<i>Cyprinella lutrensis</i>) have larger eyes in turbid habitats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The costs and benefits of investing in expensive sensory systems are shaped by environments that vary in the ease with which sensory information can be accessed. Fish provide an excellent model system in which to address questions of sensory evolution; while fishes rely heavily on vision, their visual environment is far more diverse and challenging than that of terrestrial animals. Turbidity, for example, alters the quantity of ambient light, its color, and the ability of animals to resolve borders of objects. Several comparative studies suggest that turbidity is associated with a reduction in the resources devoted to vision. Using these as a guide, we tested the prediction that turbidity and eye size would be negatively associated in populations of red shiners ( Cyprinella lutrensis (Baird and Girard, 1853)), a small-bodied cyprinid that is common and abundant in habitats spanning nearly the entire range of turbidity found in the Great Plains of the United States. We found that eye size was positively associated with turbidity, perhaps surprising given previous comparative work, but consistent with the finding that red shiners from turbid habitats display more intense nuptial coloration. This result highlights the need for further investigations of among-population variation to fully understand the mechanisms underlying sensory system diversity in animals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".