The cost and benefit of implicit spatial cues for visual attention.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Processing concepts with implicit spatial meaning or metaphorical spatial association has been shown to engage visuospatial mechanisms, causing either facilitation or interference with concurrent visual processing at locations compatible with the concepts. It is, however, unclear when interference or facilitation should be expected. It is possible that both effects result from the same processes that interact differently with different visual tasks (e.g., facilitating detection and interfering with discrimination). Alternatively, the 2 effects might represent different temporal stages of the same kind of processes, which can interfere with a congruent visual task at early stages but can cause facilitation at later stages. Finally, the 2 effects might be due to the differences in the underlying representations of concepts, particularly the differences between abstract and concrete concepts. Results of the present study are consistent with the view that interference and facilitation represent 2 temporal stages of the same kind of processes. In addition, the results reveal the unexpected importance of using multiple conceptual categories (as opposed to a single category) in observing the time course of the effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".