Adsorption Studies in Athabasca Core Sample: Virgin and Mild Thermal Cracked Residua
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reservoir upgrading of bitumen and heavy oils may involve the use of moderate to high temperatures (200–350 °C). In the absence of an efficient catalyst that could help split or transfer hydrogen to cracked heavy molecules, these would deteriorate to form denser asphaltenes with high aromaticity typical from thermal cracking. The tendency of these molecules to flocculate/precipitate inside the porous media and eventually impair oil production needs to be investigated. Perhaps in an opposite direction, the reservoir porous media may also offer a way of selectively retaining the incipiently deteriorated asphaltenes, thus avoiding early media plugging. Attending to these issues, adsorption studies of virgin (VR) and visbroken (VB) vacuum residue with a conversion of 28.5 wt % (28.5% VB) from Athabasca bitumen were carried out using Athabasca reservoir core minerals (well 14-27-88 11W4) spanning depths from 264 to 308 m. Adsorption experiments were performed in toluene solutions of the adsorbates, monitored via ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometry to determine the uptake over each core sample. It was found that the Athabasca core is extremely heterogeneous; therefore, different uptakes were observed. These uptakes were correlated with core depths, surface areas, H/C atomic ratio, and nitrogen content. Correlations of the former parameters with adsorption uptakes were found to be useful for predicting the adsorptive capacity of the cracked products over the studied core samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".