Side of basal ganglia degeneration influences freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the role of hemispheric laterality in freezing of gait (FOG) remains a topic of debate, important new evidence has suggested that individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) who experience freezing of gait (PD-FOG) may have decreased activity in the circuitry of the right fronto-parietal cortices, irrespective of the side of basal ganglia (BG) degeneration. Because the right hemisphere plays an important role in monitoring sensorimotor information during movements, and cortical regions interact with BG loops, one could expect that right cortical dysfunction in PD-FOG might be exacerbated by right sided BG damage (compared to left). The current study aimed to evaluate the influence of asymmetrical BG degeneration on self-paced gait in PD-FOG and PD-nonFOG. This study compared gait performance in predominantly left- or right-side affected PD patients with or without freezing of gait (LFOG = 11, RFOG = 10, LPD = 15, RPD = 11). Participants were instructed to walk 10m on a GaitRite® carpet. As expected, gait parameters in PD-FOG were worse compared to PD-nonFOG. The spatiotemporal aspects of gait did not differ between LPD and RPD (nonFOG patients). Contrary to our hypothesis, RFOG (predominantly right side symptoms) had a shorter step length, increased step time variability and tended to walk slower compared with LFOG. Thus, rather than severely impaired right hemisphere circuitries exacerbating gait impairments, worse gait may be a consequence of both hemispheres being affected in PD-FOG.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".