Amino Acid/Ion Aggregate Formation and Their Role in Hydroxyapatite Precipitation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH) constitutes the inorganic component of bone. Its formation is regulated by noncollagenous proteins and especially negatively charged amino acids present in their structure. Here we show that Ca 2+ and PO 4 3– ions can interact with both a negative (Glu) and a positive (Arg) amino acid, and form aggregates that grow if left undisturbed. Depending on how long these aggregates are allowed to grow, once they come into contact they give rise to HA crystals that form at different times and that differ in content and properties. This finding points out that the aging time of precursor solutions is an important variable that needs to be taken into account in all biomineralization experiments and that not only proteins but also small molecules like amino acids can form aggregates that alter biomineral formation. The formation of biomolecular aggregates in the aged precursor solutions may also mirror what happens in vivo, where biominerals are formed upon compartmentalization of precursor ions and mineralization inhibitors or promoters.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it