Amino Acid/Ion Aggregate Formation and Their Role in Hydroxyapatite Precipitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH) constitutes the inorganic component of bone. Its formation is regulated by noncollagenous proteins and especially negatively charged amino acids present in their structure. Here we show that Ca 2+ and PO 4 3– ions can interact with both a negative (Glu) and a positive (Arg) amino acid, and form aggregates that grow if left undisturbed. Depending on how long these aggregates are allowed to grow, once they come into contact they give rise to HA crystals that form at different times and that differ in content and properties. This finding points out that the aging time of precursor solutions is an important variable that needs to be taken into account in all biomineralization experiments and that not only proteins but also small molecules like amino acids can form aggregates that alter biomineral formation. The formation of biomolecular aggregates in the aged precursor solutions may also mirror what happens in vivo, where biominerals are formed upon compartmentalization of precursor ions and mineralization inhibitors or promoters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".