Chemical and Morphological Changes of Li–O<sub>2</sub> Battery Electrodes upon Cycling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report considerable chemical and morphological changes of reaction products in binder-free, vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) electrodes during Li–O 2 battery cycling with a 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME)-based electrolyte. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of discharged oxygen electrodes shows direct evidence for the formation of Li 2 CO 3 -like species at the interface between VACNTs and Li 2 O 2 but not significantly on the Li 2 O 2 surfaces exposed to the electrolyte. Although Li 2 O 2 and Li 2 CO 3 -like species were largely removed upon first charge, the oxidation kinetics became increasingly difficult during Li–O 2 cycling, which is accompanied by the accumulation of Li 2 CO 3 in the discharged and charged electrodes as evidenced by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Together, these results indicate that the irreversibility during Li–O 2 cycling in DME can be attributed largely to the growth of Li 2 CO 3 -like species associated with the reactivity between carbon and Li 2 O 2 or other reaction intermediates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".