Theoretical detectability of CO2 at a CCS project in Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A time-lapse analysis was carried out to investigate the theoretical detectability of CO2 for the Shell Quest project. Quest is a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in Alberta operated by Shell Canada Energy and its partners. The target formation for injection is the Basal Cambrian Sandstone (BCS) which is a deep saline aquifer at an approximate depth of 2000 meters below surface in the Quest project area. The purpose of this study was to simulate the seismic response of the BCS after injecting 1.2 million tonnes of CO2 during a one-year period of injection. This was done using Gassmann fluid substitution and seismic forward modeling. A geological model for the baseline scenario was generated based on logs from well SCL-8-19-59-20W4. For the monitor case, Gassmann fluid substitution modeling was undertaken to model a CO2 plume within BCS. Numerical stack sections for both scenarios were obtained and subtracted to study the change in the seismic response after injecting CO2. The difference section shows the location and the spatial distribution of the plume. Based on these results the CO2 plume could be detected in the seismic data after a year of injection, providing the data have good bandwidth and a high signal-to-noise ratio.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".