Numerical and Experimental PIV/PLIF Studies of Entropy Production in Natural Convection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Local Entropy production rates are determined by a numerical and experimental study of natural convection in an enclosure. Numerical predictions are implemented by a control-volume-based finite element formulation for discrete equations arising from the conservation laws and the Second Law. The experimental procedure combines the methods of Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence for measured velocity and temperature fields in the enclosure. An entropy based conversion algorithm is validated by comparing the measured entropy production in a channel at ReD = 804 with the analytical result. The measured and analytical results closely agree with a maximum difference of 4.6% relative to the analytical values. Also, results are obtained for entropy production due to fluid friction for natural convection of water at a Rayleigh number of 5.35 × 10 and Prandtl Number of 8.06. The results provide new data for tracking spatial variation of friction irreversibility. Nomenclature cp, cv specific heats (J/kgK) k thermal conductivity (W/mK)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".