The Impact of Social Security in Labour Market: Evidence from France/EFFETS DE LA SÉCURITÉ SOCIAL DANS LE MARCHÉ DU TRAVAIL: PREUVE DE FRANCE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between social security and laobour market in France and calculates the regression relation among social security expenditure,social security contribution,enterprise investment and unemployment rate.The results Indicated that the labour market has a closed relevance with social security. Reducing the social security contribution of enterprise is an important means to control the unemployment.And the proper level social security expenditure is the most crucial factor to keep the beneficial cycle between social security and laobour market . Key words: Social Security Contribution, Social Security Expenditure, Labour Market Resume: Dans cet article, on fait des enquetes et des analyses sur la relation entre la securite sociale et le marche du travail dans la societe francaise, et des calcules des relations entre l'offre de la securite sociale, des investissments d'entreprises, et du chomage ; la baisse de la charge d'entreprise sur la securite sociale est tres effective pour baisser le chomage ; le traitement convenable de la societe sociale est la cle pour garder la bonne circulation entrela securite et le marche du travail. Mots-Cles: securite sociale cotisation, securite sociale depense, marche du travail 1. INTRODUCTION The relationship between social sesurity and labour market has long been noticed in the ecomomics research field. As an income redistribution means, the social security expenditure will be a part of labour cost. Therefore, social security must enhance the labour cost and effect the labour demand of employer. Furthermore, the high level social security expenditure perhaps leads to the increase of voluntary unemployment and early retirement. The active mechanism between social sesurity and labour market can be described as follows: In this paper, we adopt the data from 1985 to 2004 of France to inspect the correlativity between social security and labour market. And hope to find a method to effect the labour market by adjustment of social security. 2. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SECURITY IMPACT IN FRENCH LABOUR MARKET 2.1 Status of Social Security Expenditure and Unemployment in France Social security expenditure in france is always a huge amount. It is almost 30% of french GDP In the mean time a fairly high rate of chronic unemployment has placed great pressure upon the job market. Table 1 displays the two factors changes from 1985 to 2004: The social security expenditure and the unemployment rate have been keeping the high level for a long time. The persons unemployed for 12 months or more have occupied above 40% of the total unemployed persons. The data show that the serious disturbance between labour demand and supply has happened in french labour market. And we can find that the trend of the unemlpoyment is very similar to that of the social security expenditure from the figure 1. 2.2 Correlation Analysis of Social Security Contribution and Unemployment According to the active mechanism between social sesurity and labour market, the high level social security expenditure will result in the high contribution of enterprise. The french employers must turn more than 30% of payrolls to the social security for there employees. And the enterprise contribution burdon is getting more and more heavy in the view of the time trend. This has been a most important portion of the labour cost of french enterprise. Table 3 shows that the social security contribution burdon of french employee is much lighter than that of employer. The most social security revenue have to depend on the enterprise contribution. With the increasing of the social security expenditure, the tax on the average worker is nearly half of the total labour cost of French enterprise. Such heavy social security burdon must bring out the decrease of the profit of the enterprise if the price of the product is still kept markering competitiveness. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".