Melanie Jacques, Armed Conflict and Displacement: The Protection of Refugees and Displaced Persons under International Humanitarian Law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the protection of so-called ‘war migrants’ falls at the junction of several branches of international law, the topic is mainly addressed from the fragmentary perspective of refugee and human rights law. This study, authored by Mélanie Jacques,1 therefore, holds the utmost importance since it adds a valuable approach to the literature on the protection of refugees and other displaced persons from the perspective of international humanitarian law. Nonetheless, despite this focus, Jacques does not evade consideration of the concurrent applicability of human rights law and humanitarian law during an armed conflict. While this analysis is important, it renders the author’s task overwhelming from the outset. Jacques deals not only with humanitarian law, but also with human rights, refugee law and even international criminal law. The book is divided into seven chapters. The first four chapters are devoted to the prohibition of forced displacement. The analysis covers relevant provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly Article 49, which concern the prohibition of deportation and forcible transfers in international armed conflicts. The failure to include the occupying powers’ own nationals within the scope of the prohibition laid down by Article 49 is thoroughly criticized. Turning to non-international armed conflicts, Jacques sets out the similarities and differences in scope between Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and Article 17 of Additional Protocol II, which extends the prohibition of displacement to non-international armed conflicts. The author stresses that in situations of disturbance not amounting to a non-international armed conflict, and even less to an international one, human rights instruments prohibiting illegal deportation and transfers are restricted by derogative clauses applicable to public emergency. This analysis is followed by a lengthy case study on the legality of Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The international criminal responsibility arising from unlawful displacement in international and non-international armed conflicts is then addressed. In sum, although somewhat descriptive, these four chapters construe the ban of forced movement under both human rights and humanitarian law as a preventive protection for displaced individuals and its criminalization as a deterrent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".