Determination of Benzotriazole and Benzophenone UV Filters in Sediment and Sewage Sludge
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Benzophenones and benzotriazoles are widely used as ultraviolet (UV) light filters and stabilizers in cosmetics, skin creams, and body lotions and as corrosion inhibitors in building materials, automobile components, and automotive antifreeze cooling systems. Benzophenones and benzotriazoles have been reported to occur in the environment. Some of these UV filters have been reported to possess significant estrogenic activity. Despite this, very few studies have examined their occurrence and profiles in the environment. In this work, we determined five benzophenone-type UV filters and two benzotriazole-type corrosion inhibitors, namely, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (2OH-4MeO-BP), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (2,4OH-BP), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (2,2'OH-4MeO-BP), 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (2,2',4,4'OH-BP), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4OH-BP), 1H-benzotriazole (1H-BT), and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5Me-1H-BT), in sediment and sewage sludge samples, using liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, four benzotriazole-type UV stabilizers, namely, 2-(3-t-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole (UV-326), 2,4-di-t-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole-2-yl) phenol (UV-327), 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2yl)-4,6-di-t-pentylphenol (UV-328), and 2-(5-t-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazole (TBHPBT) were determined by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were in the ranges of 0.06-0.33 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) and 0.1-1.65 ng g⁻¹ dw for sediment and sludge samples, respectively. Recoveries of target compounds spiked into sample matrices and passed through the entire analytical procedure ranged from 70% to 116% (RSD: 3.32-13.8%) and from 82% to 106% (RSD: 2.89-8.09%) for the compounds analyzed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. The methods were applied to the analysis of sediment samples from the Songhua, Saginaw, and Detroit Rivers; the sum concentrations of target compounds were 3.29-9.93, 5.81-22.5, and 190-389 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively. Five sludge samples collected from five wastewater treatment plants in northeastern China contained the sum concentrations of target compounds in the range of 104-6370 ng g⁻¹ dw. The concentration of UV-328 in sludge was the highest (mean: 1300 ng g⁻¹ dw) among the target compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first work to report the occurrence of 2OH-4MeO-BP, 2,4OH-BP, 2,2'OH-4MeO-BP, 2,2',4,4'OH-BP, and 4OH-BP in sediment and sludge samples.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it