Screwed-up Riprap: Sizing Rock Linings to Resist Ship Propeller-jets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The only underwater international vehicular (automobile) tunnel in the world owes its existence to Fred W. Martin, a Windsor, Ontario Salvation Army Captain who said he was "inspired by God" to have the tunnel under the Detroit River built. It was not God, however, but the New York City engineering firm Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglas (designers and builders of the Holland Tunnel in New York) who Martin visited one day in 1926 to see if such a tunnel could be built and operated profitably. Confident that the project was indeed feasible, and with urging from Martin who suggested that "it would probably be six dozen Sundays or more before the politicians would agree on anything, so how about taking a flyer on this as a private project?" the engineers not only agreed to design the tunnel but to guarantee its costs. The privately-financed, privately-built, and privately-operated 2.4 km (1.5 mi) tunnel connecting Detroit. Michigan and Windsor was completed in 1930 after 26 months of construction, and to this day is a major border crossing and a vital socio-economic link between the United States and Canada.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".