Physico–Chemical Processes Limiting CO<sub>2</sub> Uptake in Concrete during Accelerated Carbonation Curing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accelerated curing of fresh concrete using CO 2 is a possible approach for value-added, high-volume usage products from waste CO 2 emitted from stationary sources. The extent of CO 2 uptake and the spatial distribution of the CaCO 3 (s) precipitates formed during accelerated carbonation curing of compacted, 4-h hydrated cement mortar (fresh concrete mixture with fine aggregates) samples were investigated in this study. The maximum carbonation efficiency achieved was 20% of the theoretical uptake. Microprobe imaging was used to analyze the composition of the compacted cement mortar microstructure and showed extensive filling of pores of diameters 4 μm and smaller, with CaCO 3 (s). The carbonation efficiency, however, reached 67% when an aqueous suspension of cement was carbonated in a completely mixed reactor, where interparticle pores do not exist and a higher surface area of cement particles is exposed to dissolved CO 2 . The theoretical efficiency was not achieved because all reactive cement surfaces were saturated with carbonation products, as indicated by equilibrium concentrations of dissolved calcium, silica, inorganic carbon, and pH. This study shows that both deposition of CaCO 3 (s), on reactive surfaces, and pore filling may regulate the extent of CO 2 uptake during accelerated carbonation curing of concrete.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".