Covalent Binding of Fluorotelomer Unsaturated Aldehydes (FTUALs) and Carboxylic Acids (FTUCAs) to Proteins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids and aldehydes (FTUCAs and FTUALs) are intermediate compounds that form from the biotransformation of fluorotelomer-based compounds. Previous evidence that FTUCAs and FTUALs bind to biological nucleophiles has indicated that protein binding might give rise to toxicity resulting from protein function disruption. The current study assesses the reactivity of FTUALs and FTUCAs by probing the covalent interactions of FTUALs and FTUCAs with proteins present in rat liver microsomes and bovine blood plasma. The FTUALs exhibited significant levels of protein covalent binding, with binding levels ranging from 20.1 (±2.8)% to 71.3 (±19.5)% in microsomes and 24.0 (±1.5)% to 82.5 (±14.0)% in blood plasma. By contrast, the FTUCAs did not exhibit any apparent covalent binding. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was extracted and isolated from the plasma after incubation of 8:2 FTUAL (5-100 μM). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to investigate the stoichiometry of 8:2 FTUAL covalently bound to BSA; three measurable FTUAL adducts were formed with BSA. To compare the percent binding results from the FTUAL microsome incubation experiments, 8:2 FTOH was incubated in microsomes to determine the protein binding associated with the biotransformation of 8:2 FTOH. Results from this study showed that the biotransformation of 8:2 FTOH yielded 26.1 (±3.0)% binding, and was statistically similar to the percent binding associated with 8:2 FTUAL exposure (p > 0.05), indicating that the binding of 8:2 FTUAL to proteins might be a primary fate in the biotransformation of 8:2 FTOH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".