Understanding Molecular Interactions of Asphaltenes in Organic Solvents Using a Surface Force Apparatus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A surface force apparatus was used to study the intermolecular forces of asphaltenes in toluene and heptane. The repulsive interaction forces measured between two asphaltene surfaces in toluene were shown to have a steric nature and could be described by the Alexander–de Gennes theory on steric repulsion between two interacting polymer layers in good solvents at short separation distances under high compression forces. On the other hand, the adhesion forces measured between asphaltenes in heptane can be described by van der Waals forces, which are responsible for asphaltene aggregation and precipitation in paraffinic solvents. The asphaltene films adsorbed on mica were found to swell significantly in toluene but only moderately in heptane. In addition, an adhesion force was observed between an asphaltene surface and a mica surface in toluene. The results from this study provide an insight into the basic interaction mechanisms of asphaltenes in organic media and hence in crude oil and bitumen production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".