Understanding Molecular Interactions of Asphaltenes in Organic Solvents Using a Surface Force Apparatus
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A surface force apparatus was used to study the intermolecular forces of asphaltenes in toluene and heptane. The repulsive interaction forces measured between two asphaltene surfaces in toluene were shown to have a steric nature and could be described by the Alexander–de Gennes theory on steric repulsion between two interacting polymer layers in good solvents at short separation distances under high compression forces. On the other hand, the adhesion forces measured between asphaltenes in heptane can be described by van der Waals forces, which are responsible for asphaltene aggregation and precipitation in paraffinic solvents. The asphaltene films adsorbed on mica were found to swell significantly in toluene but only moderately in heptane. In addition, an adhesion force was observed between an asphaltene surface and a mica surface in toluene. The results from this study provide an insight into the basic interaction mechanisms of asphaltenes in organic media and hence in crude oil and bitumen production.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it