Porphyrin-based Nanostructure-dependent Phototherapy: a Closed Loop Between Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Porphyrin is the most common photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) where its interaction with light and oxygen generates cytotoxic singlet oxygen species. We recently discovered a unique porphyrin nanostructure, called porphysome, which converts the singlet oxygen generating PDT mechanism of porphyrin molecules to a completely thermal mechanism for efficient photothermal therapy (PTT). This nanostructure-driven PDT to PTT conversion is based on the extremely high porphyrin packing density (>80,000/particle) in porphysome that induces super light absorption and super-quenching of photodynamic activity. Here we explored a reverse process by using receptor-mediated endocytosis to facilitate the disruption of the nanostructure inside cells, thus rapidly switching the PTT mechanism of porphysome to the PDT effect of porphyrin molecules. Therefore, we are closing the loop between PDT and PTT by tailoring the nanostructure-dependent activation mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".