Structural and electronic distortions in individual carbon nanotubes under laser irradiation in the electron microscope
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Correlated electronic and structural distortions in individual carbon nanotubes induced by photon excitation are observed for the first time by using a unique in situ transmission electron microscope configuration. By combining sub-100-meV resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy with in situ photon excitation of the specimen, we are able to measure carbon nanotube expansions coupled to electronic transitions in their density of states as a direct consequence of the photon excitation/irradiation. Laser-induced effects are recorded in electron energy-loss spectra, which show reversible changes in the carbon unoccupied conduction band with 2$p$ character, as well as in the carbon plasmon spectral band, for both individual single-wall and individual multiwall carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, for single-walled carbon nanotubes, we see significant changes in the density of states close to the Fermi energy. The observed changes are discussed in the context of increased interatomic spacing, resulting from photon-induced thermal expansion and exciton screening enhancement due to photocarriers. These are the first measurements of photon-induced correlated structural and electronic changes at the atomic level in any nanoscale material. This new capability and technique should enable a new understanding of photon-induced structural, chemical, and electronic reactions across a range of nanoscale systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".