Bibliographic record
Abstract
Criminal responsibility is communicative ring and bridge of two important institutions of criminal law, crime and punishment and therefore is one of the most important issues of criminal law. On the other hand, one of the conditions of obligation and criminal responsibilities is authority and freedom of action that a person could be required to preserve and respect for life, property and dignity of the people that in the actions is autonomous and free. Although our legislator is considered to this issue in discretionary (Tazir) punishments crimes and life retribution explicitly and in the Haddi crimes are pointed to the lack of coercive responsibility, however, coercive criminal responsibility isn't specified in all instances of mentioned crimes, while in the discretionary (Tazir) punishments crimes, coercion is spiritual steward and is responsible for criminal responsibility due to the force committed crime and in the crime led to the death, in some cases crime is attributable to the duress, in the crimes included Hadd, coercing isn't considered spiritual steward. In this paper, the mentioned issue is discussed in terms of legal and regulatory concerning the crime of adultery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.029 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".