Effects of Electrical and Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Heating on the Mass-Transfer Process during Miscible Injection for Heavy-Oil Recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper deals with the effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic (RF-EM) fields and electrical heating on the mass- and heat-transfer processes in a multi-component hydrocarbon system flowing in porous media. The more specific objective was to determine the major differences between the RF-EM effects and electric heating and eventually to propose the application conditions toward their field-scale applications. Critical parameters, including the viscosity reduction, that affect the recovery of heavy oil under the influence of these heating options with the emphasis on resolving the asphaltene precipitation problem were clarified. It was observed that the EM field influence on the residual oil recovery factor was more critical, and a greater recovery was obtained from the RF-EM case. This was attributed to the fact that the RF-EM field influences polar components of the oil, desorpting these components from the surface of the rock and adding to the production, as indicated by the scanning atomic force microscopy images. This critical role of the RF field on the adsorptive process during the displacement of high-viscosity oils eventually resulted in less asphaltene precipitation and pore plugging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".