Diffusion and Partitioning of Cations in an Agarose Hydrogel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self- and mutual diffusion were measured in a low-melt 1.5% agarose hydrogel as a function of ionic strength (0.1-100 mM) and pH (3-7) for Cd(2+) and a charged rhodamine derivative. Self-diffusion was measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, whereas mutual diffusion was evaluated using a diffusion cell. In contrast to the results observed for the diffusion cell, self-diffusion of rhodamine 6G increased from 50 to 90% of that found in water as the ionic strength increased from 0.1 to 100 mM (pH = 6). The combined observations of decreasing diffusive flux in parallel with an increasing diffusion coefficient were attributed to the gel's Donnan potential. Donnan potentials obtained voltammetrically using a Au amalgam microelectrode varied from -30 to 0 mV as the ionic strength increased from 0.1 to 100 mM (pH = 6). At the low ionic strengths, Donnan potentials of this magnitude accounted for a 13× enhancement of Cd(2+) concentrations in the hydrogel, which was consistent with measurements obtained by a nitric acid extraction of the gel (15×) and able to explain the apparent discrepancy between mutual and self-diffusion measurements. The overall diffusion of the positively charged substrates decreased as the pH was decreased from 12 to 3.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".