Effect of Organoclay Reinforcement on Lignin-Based Carbon Fibers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organoclay reinforced carbon fibers were prepared from pyrolytic lignin isolated from a commercial bio-oil. Organoclay reinforcement improved the tensile strength of the pyrolytic lignin based carbon fibers by 12% at clay loadings below 2 wt %. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis of the composite as-spun fibers revealed the successful intercalation of the organoclays (Cloisite 20A and 30B), which helped develop a more ordered structure after carbonization. However, only the 1.0 wt % Cloisite 30B as-spun fibers showed an increase in Young’s modulus, while all other as-spun fibers remained unchanged. By contrast, all of the carbon fibers showed a drop in young’s modulus (by 16–38%) upon addition of organoclay, decreasing as organoclay content increased. This is likely due to the presence of microvoids in the carbon fiber as well as the lack of preferred orientation of clay platelets along the fiber axis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".