Polymorphism of Progesterone: A New Approach for the Formation of Form II and the Relative Stabilities of Form I and Form II
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present study, a novel technique has been developed for producing progesterone form II crystals by using shear-assisted sonocrystallization (SAS) method. Progesterone, a steroid hormone, has been recognized for more than 70 years as having two polymorphs, a stable form (form I) and a metastable form (form II). Previous attempts have failed to produce a single crystal of form II of progesterone without the presence of a cocrystal additive or template. The technique proposed in the current study is the first to report the growth of single crystals of progesterone form II. The produced crystals were characterized using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was performed for comparing the hydrogen bond geometry of forms I and II. Solubility and dissolution rates were estimated, providing insight on the thermodynamics of both forms. Stability studies of both forms were conducted for 60 days, which confirmed the higher stability of progesterone form I. Comparing the crystal structure of form I and form II provides evidence for their relative stabilities. The SAS technique can be proposed as a novel strategy for polymorphic transformation of progesterone, which can increase the dissolution rate, enhance oral bioavailability, and decrease dose-related side effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".