Influence of Sand-Grain Morphology and Iron-Oxide Distribution Patterns on the Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance of Sand-Textured Soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The overall shape of a sand grain can be defined by two morphological properties, namely sphericity and roundness, and it is largely determined by soil-formation and weathering processes. In this paper, we investigate the effects of these properties on the visible and near-infrared reflectance of sand-textured soils characterized by the presence of iron oxides. Our investigation is supported by computer simulations performed using the SPLITS (Spectral Light Transport Model for Sand) model and considering actual sand characterization data. Our findings indicate that the influence of grain morphology may vary considerably depending on the distribution patterns of iron oxides present in sand-textured soils. These minerals may occur as pure particles, as contaminants mixed with the grain parent material, or as coatings. Since these distribution patterns are also significantly affected by soil-formation and weathering processes, we believe that the combined influence of sand-grain shape and iron-oxide distribution patterns on the reflectance of sandy landscapes should be carefully taken into account in the retrieval of information about their mineralogy and environmental history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".