Formation of Gas-Phase Bromine from Interaction of Ozone with Frozen and Liquid NaCl/NaBr Solutions: Quantitative Separation of Surficial Chemistry from Bulk-Phase Reaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation kinetics of gas-phase bromine (Br(2)) from interaction of gas-phase ozone (O(3)) with frozen and liquid solutions of NaCl (0.55 M) and NaBr (largely from 1.7 to 8.5 mM) have been studied from -40 to 0 °C in a coated-wall flow tube coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The reactive uptake coefficient for O(3) is deduced from the product formation rate and then studied as a function of experimental conditions. In particular, for both the liquid and frozen solutions, we find that the uptake coefficient is inversely dependent on the gas-phase O(3) concentration in a manner that is quantitatively consistent with both surface- and bulk-phase kinetics. The reaction is fastest on acidic media (pH of the starting solution down to 2) but also proceeds at an appreciable rate on neutral substrates. Above 253 K, the uptake coefficient increases with increasing temperature on frozen solutions, consistent with an increasing brine content. The similarity of the absolute magnitude and form of the kinetics on the frozen and liquid substrates suggests that the reaction on the frozen solution is occurring with the associated brine, and not with the ice bulk or a quasi-liquid layer existing on the ice. The implications of these results to bromine activation in the tropospheric boundary layer are made.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".