Is Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Affects Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Male Subjects? A Pilot Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), with or without cardiovascular complications, have reduced maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Previous investigations have reported that female subjects with T2D also showed a slower VO2 kinetics during moderate intensity exercise (below ventilatory threshold) compared to control subjects. However, whether male subjects with T2D have a slower VO2 kinetics remains to be elucidated. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to characterize VO2 kinetics in male subjects with optimally controlled T2D without cardiovascular complications compared to age and body weight matched controls during moderate intensity exercise. METHODS: Glycemic control, ventilatory threshold and VO2max were evaluated in 10 subjects with TD2 and 9 control subjects. Then, subjects from both groups performed repeated (n= 4) step transitions of moderate exercise on a cycle ergometer from unloaded cycling to 80% of ventilatory threshold (6 min). VO2 data were filtered, time-aligned and ensemble-averaged to provide a single response for each subject and then further averaged into 5 s bins. Phase 2 VO2 kinetics (τVO2) were characterized with a mono-exponential model from 20 s to the end of exercise. RESULTS: By study design, age (55±8 vs. 55±9 years; p=0.87), body weight (92±16 vs. 92±18 kg; p=0.97) and body mass index (30±4 vs. 30±5 kg/m2;p=0.97) were similar between the T2D and the control groups. Fasting blood glucose was higher in subjects with T2D compared to controls (6.5±1.7 vs. 5.2±0.5 mmol l-1;p<0.045) while glycated hemoglobin was similar between groups (6.1±0.6 vs. 5.7±0.3 %;p=0.12). Both VO2max (27.0±3.4 vs. 26.7±5.0 ml kg-1 min-1;p=0.85) and the phase 2 τVO2 (39±7 vs. 43±8 s; p=0.36) were similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that when optimally controlled, type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular complications is not associated with a reduction in maximal exercise performance. In addition, the adjustment of oxygen uptake during the exercise on-transient is similar than age and body weight matched subjects, suggesting that impairments in exercise performance, whether at the submaximal or maximal level, may be already present before the appearance of diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".