Phase Order Inversion During Heavy Oil and Bitumen Production with Solvent Addition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Athabasca bitumen and other denser-than-water reservoir fluids are coproduced with water or are produced using water or steam injection. Organic solvent injection into reservoirs to reduce hydrocarbon resource viscosity and hence improve production rates is envisaged. A consequence of solvent addition is that the density of the resulting hydrocarbon-rich phase can drop below that of the water-rich phase over broad ranges of composition, temperature, and pressure. In this contribution, densities of Athabasca bitumen from 20 to 200 °C at 0.10, 1.12 and 3.29 MPa, Athabasca bitumen + heptane from 10 to 80 °C at 0.10 MPa and 30 to 140 °C at 0.10, 1.11, and 3.29 MPa and Athabasca bitumen + toluene from 10 to 80 °C at 0.10 MPa were measured (using an Anton Paar DMA 5000 and an Anton Paar DMA HP) and compared with those of pure and produced liquid water from 20 to 200 °C at 0.10, 1.12, and 3.29 MPa. Phase order inversion is shown to overlap with envisaged processing conditions for production, transport, and refining of denser-than-water reservoir fluids because only low mass fractions of solvent are required to cause inversion to occur. The phase order inversion envelopes also include compositions that invert twice as a function of temperature, and the upper temperature associated with phase inversion is a function of pressure. Remote from the critical point of added solvents, the phase inversion boundary is shown to be well-approximated by the ideal mixing assumption applied to Athabasca bitumen + solvent pseudobinary mixtures. The impact of solvent critical temperature on the volume of mixing for solvent + oil mixtures is discussed. Phase order inversion is a general and readily computed phenomenon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".