The Evolution of Shareholding Enterprise Reform in Rural China: A Manager Empowerment Thesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
hareholding reform is one of the preferred prescriptions for revitalizing S the efficiency of public enterprises in reform China. The idea has been received favourably by Chinese economists and Party leaders2 and gradual reform measures encompassing this idea have been introduced since the early 1990s.3 The concern of this paper is with its application in the countryside. By 1995, 12 percent of all enterprises owned by townships or villages in rural China had adopted various forms of shareholding reform4 and, at the end of the twentieth century, such organizational innovation had became the central feature of the further development of rural enterprises. The purpose of this paper is not to provide a summary of these reforms during the last ten years. Instead, it focuses primarily on the application of the shareholding principle to the restructuring of collectively owned enterprise at the township level. By analyzing the development of a case in Shandong province, it attempts to explain the evolution of rural shareholding reform in terms of the changing balance of power over economic management at grassroots level. It highlights the importance of
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".