State-of-the-art electrified powertrains - hybrid, plug-in, and electric vehicles
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Automotive electrification has become the centre of current transportation technology especially in the age of surging petroleum fuel prices and rising social awareness of vehicle emissions. A range of electrified powertrains from micro hybrid to full electric have been implemented in a wide variety of vehicle platforms from subcompacts to heavy-duty trucks and buses. The main focus of this paper is to comprehensively review the state-of-the-art electrified powertrains that have been developed and commercialised in the North American automotive industry. Vehicles are categorised based on different powertrain configurations and electrification levels. The powertrain structure and operating modes are also analysed in detail. In addition, a comprehensive database of electrified powertrains and their components is created. Electrified powertrains and the corresponding conventional powertrains are compared in terms of vehicle efficiency, powertrain complexity, and pump-to-wheel CO2 emissions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it