Effects of Clay Wettability and Process Variables on Separation of Diluted Bitumen Emulsion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Initial processing of bitumen froth obtained using a water-based extraction process from Athabasca oil sands yields stable water-in-bitumen emulsions. When the bitumen is diluted with naphtha to reduce its viscosity and density, almost complete separation can be obtained with a demulsifier in the absence of clay solids. However, a “rag layer” persists between the oil and free water layers when clay solids are present. Effects of the naphtha/bitumen (N/B) ratio, demulsifier selection, and silicate dosage on the rag layer formation and product quality have been studied. Emulsions with a N/B ratio of 0.7 are more stable than those with a N/B ratio of 4.0. This can be partially attributed to the difference in viscosity and density affecting the sedimentation velocity. The residual water and solid contents in the oil layer decrease with the addition of silicate. This behavior is attributed to the effect of silicate on clay wettability. Clay solids have toluene-soluble organic contents, which vary as follows: in the oil layer > in the rag layer > in the bottom layer. This result indicates that the solids are the most water-wet in the bottom (water) layer and the most oil-wet in the oil layer. In the same layer, samples with a N/B ratio of 0.7 have a higher toluene-soluble organic content in solids than those with a N/B ratio of 4.0. At 80 °C with a N/B ratio of 4.0, emulsion adding 200 ppm of demulsifier PR 6 and 4 × 10 −4 M sodium m -silicate had 0.3−1.5% water and 0.9% solids in the oil layer, with the water content decreasing with an increasing height above the rag layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".