Visible Emission from GeO<sub>2</sub> Nanowires: Site-Specific Insights via X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crystalline GeO 2 nanowires synthesized by a flow deposition technique on a silica substrate emit intense and distinct luminescence. X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence (XEOL) stimulated by a synchrotron light source in the soft X-ray energy regime was used to monitor the optical emission from germanium oxide nanowires upon X-ray absorption with the excitation energy tuned across O K- and Ge L 3,2 -edges. XEOL spectra vary significantly at different edges. At the O K-edge, luminescence is characterized by green (∼520 nm) and red (∼780 nm) emission related to oxygen vacancies in the core of the nanowires and to structural defects on their surface. At the Ge L 3,2 -edge, emission is dominated by an intense violet peak at ∼400 nm mostly associated with defect centers at the interface between adjacent nanowires and with the silica substrate. The increasing attenuation lengths of soft X-rays tuned at excitation energies across the O K-edge (∼300 nm) and the Ge L 3,2 -edge (∼1 μm) enable the sampling of defects placed at different depths in the nanosized GeO 2 structures, down to the nanowire–SiO 2 interface. The use of tunable XEOL makes it possible to correlate excitation energy with the site-specific origin of luminescence and has provided direct evidence for the behavior of different structural defects in the visible emission from the GeO 2 nanowires. These results are of key interest to exploit the nanodimensional oxides in practical device applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".