Label-Free Free-Solution Single-Molecule Protein–Small Molecule Interaction Observed by Double-Nanohole Plasmonic Trapping
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The interaction of proteins with small molecules is fundamental to their function in living organisms, and it is widely studied in drug development. Here we use the double nanohole optical trapping technique to observe real-time label-free free-solution single-molecule dynamics of three complexes: biotin–streptavidin, biotin–monovalent streptavidin, and acetylsalicylic acid–cyclooxygenase 2. Radically different behavior is seen between the protein with and without the small molecule binding. This detection platform is scalable, inexpensive, and highly sensitive, which may transform drug discovery based on protein–small molecule interactions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it