Effect of surfactant and polymer on the characteristics of aphron‐containing fluids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Colloidal gas aphron (CGA) consists of spherical gas microbubbles with diameters ranging from 10–100 μm. Unlike regular foams, CGAs have a thin aqueous protective shell which makes them useful as a component of drilling fluid for practical applications. This paper reports on physicochemical properties of fluids containing CGAs. To this end, various laboratory tests of CGA generation, microscopic visualization, density measurement, API filtration loss, and rheological characterization with varying concentrations of biopolymer and surfactant were carried out. Three rheological models, namely the Bingham plastic, Casson, and Power‐law, were also employed to quantitatively describe the shear flow behaviour of CGA‐based fluids. Moreover, the CGAs performance as a filtrate‐reducing component was examined thorough a standard API filter press. The results of this study are helpful for better understanding the characteristics of CGA‐based fluids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".