High angular resolution millimetre continuum observations and modelling of S140-IRS1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present high-resolution 1.3 mm continuum observations of the massive young stellar object S140-IRS1. S140-IRS1 is a disc wind prototype with elongated radio emission (PA ∼ 45°) perpendicular to the large-scale CO outflow in the region. The observations taken with the CARMA B array and the Submillimetre Array (SMA) compact configuration correspond to a spatial resolution of 0.3 and 3.0 arcsec, respectively. Complementary 2.7 and 3.5 mm data taken with OVRO in a compact configuration are also discussed. The deconvolved position angle for S140-IRS1 of 37° ±15° is compatible with a disc perpendicular to the main CO outflow and near-infrared monopolar reflection nebula. We have utilized two-dimensional axisymmetric radiative transfer modelling to interpret the millimetre wave emission from S140-IRS1. The model required the addition of a disc component, as the observed image, flux and visibilities cannot be represented solely by a dusty envelope with polar cavities. We report that the high-resolution image of S140-IRS1 is consistent with the interpretation of emission from a dust disc in a large-scale envelope with cleared bipolar cavities. Strong continuum emission is also detected in both SMA and OVRO maps from the previously discovered submillimetre source S140-SMM1 and from the infrared source S140-IRS3. Furthermore, S140-SMM1 is identified with maser sources whose proper motions are consistent with being the source of the outflow with position angle ∼20° previously associated by some authors with a second outflow created by S140-IRS1. Our findings are consistent with a disc wind interpretation of the radio emission for S140-IRS1 rather than that of a jet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".