Silicon Photonic Segmented Modulator-Based Electro-Optic DAC for 100 Gb/s PAM-4 Generation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on the design and characterization of a silicon-on-insulator traveling-wave multi-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). The 2-bit electro-optic (EO) digital-to-analog converter is formed by dividing a series push-pull MZM into two segments, one for each bit. The EO bandwidth of the longer segment of the MZM is measured to be 48 GHz at 0 V reverse bias. We operate the device at speeds up to 50 GBd to create a four-level pulse amplitude modulation signal, and thus generating 100 Gb/s on a single wavelength without signal processing at the transmitter or the receiver. The pre-forward error correction (FEC) bit error rate is estimated to be lower than the hard-decision FEC threshold of 3.8 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> over 1 km of standard single-mode fiber, and thus leading to error-free transmission at 100 Gb/s.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it