Bibliographic record
Abstract
The viability of the plasma sail as a propulsion mechanism hinges on a number of issues that are as yet undetermined. Here we address two of these issues. One is in regards to the possibility of momentum transfer from the solar wind to the spacecraft and the other concerns the effect of the required plasma injection in the resulting magnetosphere. Previous two-fluid modeling of the plasma sail have been useful but given the predominance of ion kinetic effects, kinetic simulations are required in order to fully address the feasibility issues. Accordingly we have performed kinetic simulations of the plasma sail, using specially developed codes. We show that the interaction of the solar wind with the plasma sail forms a magnetosphere more akin to that of an asteroid and is much different than that of the Earth’s magnetosphere. This has significant implications for the feasibility of plasma sail. For instance, although ion reflection does occur, it is not clear how momentum is transferred to the spacecraft because the reflection is from the bow wave and not the magnetopause. Further we find that both the plasma transfer as well as the expansion of the bubble are sensitive to the details of the plasma injection. Thus Specification of the appropriate plasma injection scheme remains to be established.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".