Copyrolysis of Oxygenate-Containing Materials with Bitumen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermal upgrading of bitumen at lower temperature can increase the overall liquid yield; however, from a practical point of view, decreasing the temperature leads to a lower reaction rate, eroding its industrial value. In order to increase pyrolysis rate at lower temperatures, copyrolysis of bitumen with potentially more reactive oxygenate-containing materials was proposed. The overall aim was to increase liquid yield and decrease gas yield and coke production, while increasing the pyrolysis rate. The oxygenate-containing materials that were investigated were partially oxidized bitumen, coals of different rank (lignite, subbituminous, and bituminous) and biomass-derived components (cellulose and lignin). No detectable increase in propagation rate, or decrease in the onset temperature of pyrolysis were observed due to addition of the oxygenate-containg materials. However, synergism with respect to a decrease in gas yield and organic residue was found during copyrolysis with some of the materials. There was meaningful synergism during copyrolysis with bituminous coal and lignin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".