Role of the heme oxygenase-adiponectin-atrial natriuretic peptide axis in renal function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The incidence of renal complications including kidney failure is on the rise. Moreover, with aging of the population and the high incidence of diabetes, hypertension and obesity, this trend may prevail. An important cytoprotective enzyme that has been shown to improve renal function is heme-oxygenase (HO). HO is known to abate apoptosis and necrosis, and improves cell vitality, which in turn, may enhance tissue regeneration. Consistently, HO has been shown to restore tissue morphology by potentiating potentiate proteins of repair/regeneration and promoting neovascularization. The formation of new tissue may replace damaged or dysfunctional tissue to preserve cellular integrity and function after injury. Emerging evidence indicate that HO-inducers improve kidney function in several models including, (i) streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, (ii) Zucker-diabetic-fatty rats, (iii) Zucker-fatty rats, (iii) spontaneously hypertensive rats, (iv) uninephrectomized deoxycorticosterone-acetate hypertensive rats, (v) N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats, (vi) glycerol induced renal failure, (vii) nephrotoxic nephritis, (viii) sepsis-induced kidney injury, (ix) cystic renal disease, (x) cisplatin-mediated acute kidney injury, and (xi) rhabdomyolysis-induced renal injury. The mechanisms underlying the HO-mediated reno-protection include: (i) the restoration of renal morphology by enhancing proteins of regeneration, (ii) the potentiation of the HO-adiponectin-atrial natriuretic peptide axis, with corresponding suppression of oxidative/inflammatory insults and extracellular matrix/profibrotic factors, and (iii) the potentiation of podocyte cytoskeletal proteins such as nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin and CD2-associated-protein, which are fundamental for forming the glomerular filtration barrier that selectively allows small molecules to pass through but not large protein molecules. Thus, this review highlights the HO-adiponectin-atrial natriuretic peptide axis in renoprotection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".